Loading... <h1 style="border-bottom-color:#cccccc;border-bottom-width:2px;border-bottom-style:solid;padding:0px 4px 0px 0px;text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 20px"><span style="color:#c0504d">Linux磁盘和文件系统管理</span></h1> <p style="text-align:center"><strong>linux磁盘管理</strong></p> <h3><span style="font-family:幼圆">一、Linux设备类型</span></h3> <p style="text-indent:2em"> 硬盘有机械硬盘(HDD)和固态硬盘(SSD)之分。机械硬盘即是传统普通硬盘,主要由:盘片,磁头,盘片转轴及控制电机,磁头控制器,数据转换器,接口,缓存等</p> <p style="text-indent:2em"> 几个部分组成。</p> <p class="ue_t" style="text-indent:2em"> </p> <p> 机械式硬盘</p> <p> track:磁道,存储信息的位置</p> <p> cylinder:柱面</p> <p> sector:扇区</p> <p> MBR:全称为Master Boot Record,即硬盘的主引导记录。硬盘的0柱面、0磁头、1扇区称为主引导扇区(也叫主引导记录MBR),该扇区总共512字节;</p> <p> 它由主引导程序、硬盘分区表DPT(Disk Partition table)和分区有效标志。</p> <p> boot loader(主引导程序):占446bytes</p> <p> Partition table(用来存取分区表):占64bytes;硬盘中分区有多少以及每一分区的大小都记在其中,其中每16bytes标识一个分区;所以对于早期硬盘</p> <p> (非UEFI)来讲在基于MBR方式管理时一块硬盘最多只能有4个分区;或者3主分区+1扩展(扩展可以使用N个逻辑分区)</p> <p> magic number:占2个字节,对于大端模式处理器该值固定为0*55AA,存为55AA表示前面500个字节是有效的,否则是无效的</p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-family:宋体;color:red"> 注</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:red">意:硬盘单盘容量大于2T,MBR机制无法识别2T及大于2T的</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:red">硬盘</span> <span style="font-family:宋体;color:red">,此时需使用</span><span style="color:red">GTP</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:red">机制</span></p> <p> </p> <h3><span style="font-family:幼圆">二、磁盘接口类型及命名</span></h3> <p> 1、并行:</p> <p> IDE 接口速率:133MB/s</p> <p> SCSI 接口速率:640MB/s</p> <p> 2、串口:相对于并行设备类型速率更高</p> <p> SATA: 接口速率: 6Gbp/s</p> <p> SAS: 接口速率: 6Gbp/s </p> <p> USB: 接口速率:480MB/s</p> <p> 3、磁盘命名</p> <p> 磁盘一般以/dev/DEV_FILE方式命名</p> <p> 磁盘设备的设备文件命名:</p> <p> IDE接口设备:/dev/hd</p> <p> SCSI,SATA,SAS,USB等接口设备:/dev/sd</p> <p> 不同设备:/dev/sd[a-z],如:/dev/sda,/dev/sdb….</p> <p> 同一设备上的不同分区:1,2,3,…如:/dev/sda1,/dev/sda2,…</p> <p> </p> <h3><span style="font-family:幼圆">三、磁盘分区管理工具:</span></h3> <p> 1、Linux中的分区的主要管理工具有:fdisk、parted,sfdisk,本文中主要介绍使用fdisk工具。</p> <p> <span style="font-family: 宋体;color: red">注意:使用</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;color: red">fdisk</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;color: red">工具分区时,对于一块硬盘来讲,最多只能管理</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;color: red">15</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;color: red">个分区。</span></p> <p> 2、fdisk命令:</p> <p> 语法命令:fdisk [option] [DEVICE]</p> <p> 子命令:m:获取帮助,显示出所有子命令</p> <p> <img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703161445-88.png" title="1460293918279225.png" alt="fdisk命令子命令m.png" /></p> <p> p:print,显示已有分区</p> <p> n:new,创建</p> <p> d:delete,删除</p> <p> w:write,写入磁盘并退出</p> <p> q:quit,放弃更新并退出</p> <blockquote><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;padding: 0px;border: none"> <blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;padding: 0px;border: none"> l:列表分区id</p></blockquote> </blockquote> <blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;padding: 0px;border: none"><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;padding: 0px;border: none"> <p> t:调整分区id</p> <p> 查看内核是否已经识别新的分区:<span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"> cat /proc/partations,如果内核没有识别,使用下列命令手动通知内核重新读取硬盘分区表</span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"> partx -a /dev/DEVICE(centos6、7)</span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"> partprobe[/dev/DEVIC](centos5)</span></p> </blockquote> </blockquote> </blockquote> <p><span style="font-family: 宋体;color: red"> </span></p> <p class="ue_t"></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 5px;text-align: center"><strong>Linux文件系统管理</strong></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 5px"><span style="font-family:幼圆"><br /></span></p> <h3 style="margin-bottom: 5px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">一、Linux文件系统类型:</span></h3> <p><span style="font-family:幼圆"> </span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 1、Linux文件系统:ext2,ext3,ext4,xfs,btrfs,reiserfs,jfs,swap</span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> swap:交换分区<br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> 光盘:iso9660</span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> Unix:FFS,UFS,JFS2<br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> 网络文件系统:NFS,CIFS<br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> 系群文件系统:GFS2,OCFS2<br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> 分布式文件系统:ceph,moosefs,mogilefs,GlusterFS,Lustre<br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> 根据其是否支持“journal”功能分为:<br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> 日志型文件系统:ext3,ext4,xfs….<br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> 非日志型文件系统:ext2,vfat….<br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> 2、文件系统的组成部分:<br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> 内核中的模块:ext4,xfs,vfat<br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> 用户空间的管理工具:mkfs.ext,mkfs.xfs,mkfs.vfat<br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> Linux的虚拟文件系统:VFS</span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 3、文件存储结构</span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"> <img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703161445-57.png" title="1460300172543737.png" alt="Linux分区.png" /></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;font-size: 16px"> 分区的第一个部分是启动区(Boot block),它主要是为计算机开机服务的。Linux开机启动后,会首先载入MBR,随后MBR从某个硬盘的启动区加载程序。</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;font-size: 16px"> 程序负责进一步的操作系统的加载和启动。为了方便管理,即使某个分区中没有安装操作系统,Linux也会在该分区预留启动区。</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;font-size: 16px"> 启动区之后的是超级区(Super block)。它存储有文件系统的相关信息,包括文件系统的类型,inode的数目,数据块的数目。</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: sans-serif;font-size: 16px"> Inode:Index Node又称文件索引节点,是文件基本信息的存放地(如读写属性、owner等,但不包括文件名)和数据块指针(直接、间接及三级指针)存放地。</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;font-size: 16px"> <span style="line-height: 24px;font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;font-size: 16px">节点位图inode bitmap:对应表是每个inode空闲与否的状态信息</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;font-size: 16px"> 数据块:文件的具体内容存放地。</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;font-size: 16px"> 当查看某个文件时,会先从inode table中查出文件属性及数据存放点,再从数据块中读取数据</span></p> <p> <img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703161445-48.png" title="1460302090238454.png" alt="inode.png" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;line-height: 24px" /></p> <p> <span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;font-size: 16px">其中文件的inode结构如下(inode里所包含的文件信息可以通过stat filename查看得到):</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"> <img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703161445-58.jpg" title="1460302416742930.jpg" alt="Inode结构.jpg" /></span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"></span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 25.6px"> 4、</span><span style="line-height: 1.6">链接文件:<br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">硬链接:是给文件一个副本,同时建立两者之间的连接关系。修改其中一个,与其连接的文件同时被修改。<br /></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> 不能对目录进行<br /></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> 不能跨分区进行<br /></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> 指向同一个inode的过个不同路径,创建文件的硬链接即为inode创建新的引用路径,因此会增加其引用计数<br /></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br /></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> 软链接,也叫符号链接:是对源文件在新的位置建立一个“快捷”,所以,当源文件删除时,符号连接的文件将仅仅</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> 剩下个文</span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">件名</span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">了,当然删除这个连接,也不会影响到源文件,但对连接文件的使用、引用都是直接调用源文件的。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> 可以对目录进行</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> 可以跨分区</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> 指向另一个文件的路径,其大小为指向的路径字符串的长度,不增加或减少目标文件inode的引用计数。</span></p> <h3><span style="font-family:幼圆">二、Linux文件系统相关命令:</span></h3> <p><span style="font-family:幼圆"> 1、创建文件系统:</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">mkfs</span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 用法:mkfs [-V] [-t fstype] [fs-options] filesys [blocks]</span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> (1)mkfs.FS_TYPE /dev/DEVICE</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> ext4</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> (2)mkfs -t FS_TYPE /dev/DEVICE</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> mke2fs:ext系列文件系统专用管理工具</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -t{ext2|ext3|ext4}</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -b:{1024|2048|4096}</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -L:‘LABEL</span><span style="line-height: 1.6">’</span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -j:相当于 -t ext3</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -i #:为数据空间中每多少个字节创建一个inode;此大小不应该小于block的大小</span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -N #:为数据空间创建个多少个inode</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -m #:为管理员预留的空间占据的百分比</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -O FEATURE[,…..]:启用指定特性</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -O ^</span><span style="line-height: 1.6">FEATURE:关闭制定特性</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> mkswap:创建交换分区</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> mkswap [OPTION] device</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -L ‘LABEL’</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 前提:调整其分区的ID为82</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> blkid:块设备属性信息查看</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> blkid [OPTION]…[DEVIE]</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -U UUID:根据指定的UUID来查找对应的设备</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -L LABEL:根据指定的LABEL来查找对应的设备</span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> e2label:管理ext系列文件系统的LABEL</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> e2label DEVICE [LABEL]</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> tune2fs:重新设定ext系列文件系统可调整参数的值</span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -l:查看指定文件系统超级块信息:super block</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -L ‘LABEL’:修改卷标</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -m #:修改预留给管理员的空间百分比</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -j:将ext2升级为ext3</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -O:文件系统属性启用或禁用</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -o:调整文件系统的默认挂载选项</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -U UUID:修改UUID号</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> dumpe2fs</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -h:查看超级块信息</span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"><span style="font-family: 幼圆"></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆"> </span><span style="font-family: 幼圆"> </span><span style="font-family: 幼圆"> 2、</span></span><span style="line-height: 1.6">文件系统检测:</span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> fsck:file system check</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> fsck.FS_TYPE</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> fsck -t FS_TYPE</span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -a:自动修复</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -r:交互式修复错误</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> NOTE:FS_TYPE一定要与分区上文件类型相同</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"> e2fsck:ext系列文件专用的检测修复工具</span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> -y:自动回答为yes</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> -f:强制修复</span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 3、文件系统的挂载<br /></span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6">将额外文件系统与根文件系统某现存的目录建立起关联关系,进而使得此目录做为其它访问入口的行为称之为挂载</span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 解除此关联关系的过程称之为卸载</span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 把设备关联挂载点:Mount Point</span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"> <img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703161445-4.png" title="1460358656102025.png" alt="blob.png" width="669" height="282" style="width: 669px;height: 282px" /></span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 挂载命令mount:<br /></span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"> mount DEVICE MOUNT_POINT</span></p> <p> mount:通过查看/etc/mtab文件显示当前系统已挂载设备,查看内核追踪到的已挂载的所有设备:cat /proc/mounts</p> <p> mount [-fnrsvw] [-t vfstype] [-o options] device dir</p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6">device:指明要挂载的设备</span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> (1)设备文件:例如/dev/sda5</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6">(2)卷标:-L ‘LABEL’:例如-L ‘MYDATA’</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> (3)UUID,-U ‘UUID’:例如-U ‘</span>2029dba3-0402-4eb6-ae7c-dcc0c9e42c05<span style="line-height: 1.6">’</span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> (4)伪文件系统名称:proc,sysfs,dectmpfs,configfs只需要名字,不需要设备</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> dir:挂载点</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 事先存在:建议使用空目录</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 进程正在使用中的设备无法被卸载</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 常用选项:</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -t vsftype:指定要挂载的设备上的文件系统类型可省略</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -r :readonly,只读挂载;</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -w:read and write,读写挂载</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -n:不更新/etc/mtab</span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6">-a:</span><span style="line-height: 1.6">自动挂载所有支持自动挂载的设备(定义在了/etc/fstab文件中,且挂载选项中有“自动挂载功能”)</span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -L ‘LABEL’:以卷标指定挂载设备</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -U ‘UUID’:以UUID指定挂载设备</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -B,–bind:绑定目录到另一个目录上</span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -o options:(挂载文件系统的选项)</span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> async:异步模式</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> sync:同步模式(数据可靠性高,性能差)</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> atime/noatime:包含目录和文件</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> diratime/nodiratime:目录的访问时间戳</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> auto/noauto:是否支持自动挂载</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> exec/noexec:是否支持将文件系统上应用程序运行为进程</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> dev/nodev:是否支持在此文件系统上使用设备文件</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> suid/nosuid:</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> remount:重新挂载</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> ro:</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> rw:</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> user/nouser:是否允许普通用户挂载此设备</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> acl:启用此文件系统上的acl功能(centos6默认关闭,centos7默认启用)</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 注意:上述选项可多个同时使用,彼此使用逗号分隔</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 默认挂载选项:defaults</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> rw,suid,dev,exec,auto,nouser,and async</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"><span style="line-height: 25.6px"> </span>挂载交换分区</span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 启用:swapon</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> swapon [OPTION]….[DEVICE]</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -a:激活所有的交换分区</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -p:PRIORITY:指定优先级</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 禁用:swapoff </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6">[OPTION]….[DEVICE]</span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 25.6px"> 4、文件系统的卸载</span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"><span style="line-height: 25.6px"><span style="line-height: 25.6px"> </span></span>卸载命令:umount DEVICE</span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> umount MOUNT_POINT</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 查看正在访问指定文件系统的进程</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> fuser -v MOUNT_POINT</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 终止所有正在访问指定的文件系统的进程</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> fuser -km MOUNT_POINT</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 25.6px"> 5、文件系统相关的查看命令</span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 内存空间使用状态</span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> free [OPTIONG]</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -m:以MB为单位</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -g:以GB为单位</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> 文件系统空间占用等信息的查看工具</p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> df:</span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -h:human-readable</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -i:inodes instead of blocks</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -P:以POSIX兼容的格式输出</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 查看某目录总体空间占用状态</span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> du:</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> du[OPTION]…DIR</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -h:human-readable</span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> -s:summary</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"><span style="line-height: 25.6px"> </span>6、文件挂载的配置文件</span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"> <span style="line-height: 25.6px">文件挂载的配置文件</span>/etc/fstab</span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"> <img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703161446-63.png" title="1460361382354813.png" alt="文件系统配置文件.png" /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 每行定义一个要挂载的文件系统:</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 要挂载的设备或伪文件系统</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 挂载点</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 文件系统类型</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 挂载选项</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 转储频率</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 自检次序</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6">要挂载的设备或伪文件系统:</span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 设备文件、LABEL(LABEL=" ")</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 、UUID(UUID=" ")、伪文件系统名称(proc、sys)</span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 挂载选项:</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> defaults</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 转储频率:</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 0:不做备份</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 1:每天转储</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 2:每隔一天转储</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 自检次序:</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 0:不自检</span><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p> <span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6"> 1:首先自检;一般只有rootfs才用1</span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"><br /></span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6"> <br /></span></p> <p><span style="font-family:幼圆"><br /></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 5px"><strong><br /></strong></p> 最后修改:2021 年 12 月 10 日 10 : 53 AM © 允许规范转载 赞赏 如果觉得我的文章对你有用,请随意赞赏 赞赏作者 支付宝微信