Linux用户和组管理整理

博主： cto.wang
发布时间：2016 年 07 月 04 日
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分类： Web类

本节介绍Linux用户和组相关的配置文件，用户账号管理、查询用户信息以及切换用户的相关命令，将会让我们更了解各配置文件中各个字段的含义，以及各相关命令的使用方法，方便Linux运维人员管理Linux系统中的用户和组。
 
背景：
Linux是个多用户、多任务的系统，考虑到每个人的隐私权、每个人喜好的工作环境以及每个用户所使用的权限等方面的不同，所以设定了“用户”来管理各自用户的权限。

一、用户和用户组相关的配置文件管理
<ul class=" list-paddingleft-2">
<li>
/etc/passwd：用户的账号信息&nbsp;
</li>
<li>
/etc/group：组的账号信息
</li>
<li>
/etc/shadow：用户密码和相关的账号设定
</li>
<li>
/etc/gshadow：组的密码信息
</li>
</ul>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; （1）/etc/passwd文件
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;文件中共包含了7个字段，分别使用&nbsp;:&nbsp;隔开。下面介绍各个字段所代表的含义
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; account : password &nbsp; &nbsp; : &nbsp;UID &nbsp; &nbsp;: &nbsp;GID &nbsp; : &nbsp; &nbsp;GECOS &nbsp; &nbsp; : &nbsp;directory &nbsp; : &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; shell
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp;登陆名 &nbsp;: &nbsp; &nbsp;密码符 &nbsp; &nbsp;: &nbsp;用户ID &nbsp;: &nbsp;组ID &nbsp;: &nbsp; 注释信息 &nbsp;: &nbsp;家目录 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;: &nbsp;用户默认shell</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">备注：用户可以加入不止一个组：基本组一个，附加组（也称额外组）可包含多个。</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; （2）/etc/group
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 文件中共包含了4个字段，分别使用 : 隔开。下面介绍各个字段所代表的含义
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;group_name &nbsp;: &nbsp;passwd &nbsp;: &nbsp;GID &nbsp;: &nbsp;user_list
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 组名 &nbsp; &nbsp; ： 密码符 &nbsp;: &nbsp;GID &nbsp;: &nbsp;以都好分割属于此组（以之作为额外组）的用户列表
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; （3）/etc/shadow
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 文件中共包含了7个字段，分别使用&nbsp;:&nbsp;隔开。下面介绍各个字段所代表的含义
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 用户名&nbsp;:&nbsp;加密的密码&nbsp;:&nbsp;最近一次修改密码的时间&nbsp;:&nbsp;密码最短使用期限&nbsp;:&nbsp;密码最长使用期限&nbsp;:&nbsp;密码过期警告区间&nbsp;:&nbsp;密码非活动期限&nbsp;:&nbsp;账号过期期限&nbsp;:&nbsp;保留区域
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;（4）/etc/gshaow &nbsp;&nbsp;
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 文件中共包含了4个字段，分别使用&nbsp;:&nbsp;隔开。下面介绍各个字段所代表的含义
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; group_name &nbsp;: &nbsp; password &nbsp; &nbsp;: &nbsp; &nbsp;administrator &nbsp; : &nbsp; &nbsp;members
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 组名 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;: &nbsp; &nbsp;密码符 &nbsp; &nbsp; : &nbsp; 用户组的管理员 &nbsp; : &nbsp; &nbsp;组的成员 &nbsp;
二、用户账号管理相关命令（这里仅列出去常用命令和参数，详细请查man）
<ul class=" list-paddingleft-2">
<li>
useradd &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;：新增用户
</li>
<li>
groupadd &nbsp; &nbsp; ：新增组
</li>
<li>
passwd &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ：修改用户密码
</li>
<li>
gpasswd &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;：修改组密码
</li>
<li>
userdel &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;：删除用户
</li>
<li>
groupdel &nbsp; &nbsp; ：删除组
</li>
<li>
usermod &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;：修改用户账号
</li>
<li>
groupmod &nbsp; &nbsp; ：修改组账号
</li>
<li>
chsh &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ：修改用户的shell
</li>
<li>
chfn &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ：修改注释信息
</li>
<li>
chage &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;：修改密码时效
</li>
</ul>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; （1）useradd
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;-u UID ：指定UID</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;-g GID ：指定所属的基本组
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;-G GID : 指定所属的附加组&nbsp;
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;-c &#039;COMMENT&#039; ：注释信息</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;-d /path/to/somewhere ：指定家目录，如果此目录事先存在，会有警告信息
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;备注：在家目录中其实会有一些文件</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 例如：ls -a /home/user1 &nbsp;————&gt; &nbsp;. &nbsp;.. &nbsp;.bash_logout &nbsp;.bash_profile &nbsp;.bashrc</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;这些文件是从系统/etc/skel 下拷贝过来的</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;-s SHELL ：指定SHELL，SHELL必须是在/etc/shells文件中存在的shell</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 备注 /etc/shells是系统中支持的shell</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 其中/sbin/nologin 表示不给用户登录&nbsp;</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;-m ：强制给用户创建家目录</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;-M ：不给用户创建家目录
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;-r ：创建系统用户
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; （2）groupadd
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;-g GID：指定GID</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;-r ：系统组
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; （3）passwd
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">普通用户仅能修改自己的密码</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 管理员 能修改全部用户的密码
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; passwd [username]</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&#8211;stdin : 不需要交互式输入密码</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp; -l ：锁定用户</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp; -u ：解锁用户
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; （4）gpasswd
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;gpasswd[-a user][-d user][-A user,&#8230;][-M user,&#8230;][-r][-R]groupname
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; -a：添加用户到组
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; -d：从组删除用户
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; -A：指定管理员
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; -M：指定组成员和-A的用途差不多
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; -r：删除密码
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; -R：限制用户登入组，只有组中的成员才可以用newgrp加入该组
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;备注：给组账号设置完密码以后，用户登陆系统，使用newgrp命令，输入给组账号设置的密码，就可以临时添加到指定组，可以管理组用户，具有组权限。格式：newgrp &nbsp; 【组名】
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; （5）userdel&nbsp;
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">userdel [options] USERNAME</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp; -r: 一并删除用户及家目录</blockquote>
</blockquote>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; （6）groupdel
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; groupdel GRPNAME
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; （7）usermod
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"></blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"></blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">usermod [options] USERNAME&nbsp;</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp;-u UID : 修改UID&nbsp;</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp;-g GID ：修改用户的基本组</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp;-G GID,&#8230;.：修改用户附加组；此选项通常跟-a一起使用，以最佳方式修改附加组，表示不覆盖原有的附加组
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;例子：usermod -a -G mygrp，testgrp user6</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp;-c COMMENT:指定注释信息</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp;-d /path/to/somewhere ：修改家目录的位置；同时使用-m选项可保证创建家目录，并将用户原有的文件移动至新的家目录中
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp;-s SHELL：修改SHELL
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp;-l LOGIN_NAME:修改用户名
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp;-L ：锁定用户
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp;-U ：解锁用户
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"></blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"></blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"></blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"></blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"></blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"></blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"></blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"></blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"></blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"></blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"></blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"></blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"></blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"></blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"></blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"></blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"></blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"></blockquote>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; （8）groupmod
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp;-g GID</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp;-n NEW_GRP_NAME</blockquote>
</blockquote>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; （9）chsh&nbsp;
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;chsh&nbsp;USERNAME
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; （10）chfn
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;chfn USERNAME
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; （11）chage
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;chage[options] USERNAME
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;实例截图：
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; （1）useradd
<img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163716-24.gif" /><img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163716-24.gif" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163716-26.png" title="1433987139319712.png" />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163716-2.png" title="1433987139485942.png" />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; （2）groupadd
<img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163716-24.gif" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163716-94.png" title="1433992167289643.png" alt="3.png" />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; （3）passwd
<img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163716-24.gif" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163716-83.png" title="1433987139970883.png" />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; （4）gpasswd
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163716-44.png" title="1433987139319724.png" />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163716-88.png" title="1433987139518178.png" />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; （5）userdel 
<img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163716-24.gif" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163716-68.png" title="1433992229396406.png" alt="111.png" />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; （6）groupdel 
<img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163716-24.gif" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163716-54.png" title="1433992236750004.png" alt="222.png" />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; （7）usermod 
<img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163716-24.gif" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163717-70.png" title="1433987139583415.png" />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; （8）groupmod 
<img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163716-24.gif" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163717-62.png" title="1433987140741382.png" />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; （9）chsh 
<img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163716-24.gif" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163717-48.png" title="1433987140794437.png" />

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; （10）chfh 
<img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163716-24.gif" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163717-96.png" title="1433987140125299.png" />
<img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163716-24.gif" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163717-41.png" title="1433987140104197.png" />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; （11）chage 
<img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163716-24.gif" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163717-44.png" title="1433987140119233.png" />
三、查询用户信息相关命令 &nbsp; &nbsp;
<ul class=" list-paddingleft-2">
<li>
id &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ：显示用户信息
</li>
<li>
who &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ：显示目前登入系统的用户信息
</li>
<li>
whoami ：显示自身的用户名称
</li>
<li>
finger &nbsp; &nbsp; ：查询用户的相信信息，例如用户的用户名、主目录、停滞时间、登录时间、登录shell等信息
</li>
</ul>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">（1）id
&nbsp; &nbsp; id USERNAME
</blockquote>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;-g：显示用户所属的基本组
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; -G：显示用户所有组（默认显示数字）
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; -n：显示名称
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; -u：显示UID
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">（2）who
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp; who [option]
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; -H ：显示各栏位
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">（3）whoami
&nbsp; &nbsp;whoami [&#8211;help][&#8211;version]&nbsp;
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">（4）finger
&nbsp; &nbsp;finger [-lmsp] [user &#8230;] [user@host&nbsp;&#8230;]
</blockquote>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; -l : &nbsp;多行显示来描述信息,例如关于用户家目录，家庭电话，登录脚本等内容
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">实例截图：
（1）id
<img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163717-58.png" title="1433987140163336.png" />
（2）who
<img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163716-24.gif" /><img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163717-4.png" title="1433987140659079.png" />
（3）whoami
<img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163716-24.gif" /><img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163717-13.png" title="1433987140102977.png" />
（4）finger
<img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163716-24.gif" /><img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163717-67.png" title="1433992319318552.png" alt="18.png" />
</blockquote>
四、切换用户命令
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">su： switch user
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;su [OPTIONS] USERNAME&nbsp;
&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;-l:完全切换 ，l可省略
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">备注：如果不使用“-l”切换用户，只是切换了过去，但其实环境变量，家目录都没有改变。</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">-c &#039;COMMAND&#039;:仅以指定用户运行命令，并取回结果（一般用于脚本中）
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">例子：su wqp -c &#039;ls&#039; &nbsp;————&gt; fstab</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">表示并不切换账号而执行某个命令</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">实例截图：
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"><img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163716-24.gif" /><img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163717-11.png" title="1433987140119659.png" />
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"><img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163716-24.gif" />
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px">
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;border: none;padding: 0px"></blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
五、命令总结
<blockquote>（1）用户和用户组相关的配置文件管理：&nbsp;/etc/passwd ,&nbsp;/etc/group ,&nbsp;/etc/shadow ，/etc/gshadow
</blockquote>
<blockquote>（2）用户账号管理相关命令 : useradd , groupadd , passwd , gpasswd , userdel , groupdel , usermod , groupmod , chsh , chfn , chage
</blockquote>
<blockquote>（3）查询用户信息相关命令: id ， who，whoami，finger
</blockquote>
<blockquote>（4）切换用户命令： su
</blockquote>

最后修改：2021 年 12 月 10 日 10 : 53 AM

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