Loading... <p><span style="font-size: 14px">写在前面:</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 14px">本博客详解命令</span>chmod, chowm, chgrp, umask, install, mktemp<strong> </strong></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p style="text-align: center"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体">权限管理:</span></strong></p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋体">进程文件访问权限应用模型:</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋体">进程的属主与文件属主是否相同,如果相同,则应用属主权限</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋体">否则,检查文件的属主是否属于文件的属组,如果是,则应用属主权限</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋体">否则,应用</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">other</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">权限</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋体">文件权限的意义:</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">r:</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">可获取文件数据</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">w:</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">可修改文件数据</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">x:</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">可将此文件运行为进程</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋体">目录权限的意义:</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">r:</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">可使用</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">ls</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">获取文件列表</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">w:</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">可修改此目录下文件列表,创建、删除文件</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">x:</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">可</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">cd</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">至此目录中,可以</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">ls -l</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">获取文件详细信息</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">注意:w</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">不能随便给,</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">r</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">,</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">x</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">一般都给</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">— 000 0; –x 001 1; -w- 010 2; r– 100 4</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋体">常用权限组合:</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">rw-rw-r– 664</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">rwxrwxr-x 775</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">rwxr-x— 750</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">rwxr-xr-x 755</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋体">三类用户:</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">u</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">:属主</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">g</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">:属组</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">o</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">:其它用户</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">a: </span><span style="font-family: 宋体">所有用户,包含</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">u,g</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">和</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">o</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><strong><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">chmod</span></strong><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">: – change file mode bits</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">(1)mode</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">表示法:便于操作所有权限位</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">rwx</span></p> <p>赋值表示法<span style="font-family: 宋体">:</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">u g o a</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">例:u=rwx,g=rw,o=r</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">a=775</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">ug=r,o=</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# ll -d /tmp/gentoo</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">d———. 2 flimmer breeze 27 Dec 13 18:31 /tmp/gentoo</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# chmod ug=rx,o= /tmp/gshadow</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# ll -d /tmp/gshadow</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">-r-xr-x—. 1 root root 1033 Dec 14 00:29 /tmp/gshadow</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p>授权表示法<span style="font-family: 宋体">:便于操作某一位权限</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">u+x,g+r,o+r</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">a+x</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">ug+rx</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">,</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">o-</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# chmod u-x,o+rx /tmp/gshadow</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# ll -d /tmp/gshadow</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">-r–r-xr-x. 1 root root 1033 Dec 14 00:29 /tmp/gshadow</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">(2)</span>八进制表示法<span style="font-family: 宋体">:</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">chmod 775 /etc/text</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p>–reference<span style="font-family: 宋体">改成与某文件一样</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> chmod –reference=/tmp/txt /tmp/yum.1</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 ~]# ll /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">-rw-r–r–. 1 breeze breeze 0 Dec 13 18:15 txt</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">-rwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 0 Dec 13 03:08yum.1</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 ~]# chmod –reference=/tmp/txt /tmp/yum.1</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 ~]# ll /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">-rw-r–r–. 1 breeze breeze 0 Dec 13 18:15 txt</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">-rwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 0 Dec 13 03:08yum.1</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><strong>-R</strong><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">,–recursive:</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">递归修改(一般只用</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">+</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">、</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">–</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">法修改)</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">例:chmod -R g+r /tmp/sysconfig</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 ~]# ll /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">drwxrwxrwx. 2 root root 6 Dec 13 17:16gentoo</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">drwxrwxrwx. 2 root root 6 Dec 12 20:06 ta</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 ~]# ll -d /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">drwxrwxrwx. 10 root root 4096 Dec 13 18:15 /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 ~]# chmod -R go-w /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 ~]# ll -d /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">drwxr-xr-x. 10 root root 4096 Dec 13 18:15 /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 ~]# ll /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Dec 13 17:16gentoo</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Dec 12 20:06 ta</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><strong><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">chown</span></strong><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">: – change file owner and group</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋体">修改文件的属主</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">drwxr-xr-x. 8 root root 111 Dec 13 18:32 /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# chown breeze /tmp;ll -d /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">drwxr-xr-x. 8 breeze root 111 Dec 13 18:32 /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋体">修改文件属主和组,"."也可换成冒号</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# chown flimmer.hadoop /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# ll -d /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">drwxr-xr-x. 8 flimmer hadoop 111 Dec 13 18:32 /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋体">修文件改的属组</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# chown .stupid /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# ll -d /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">drwxr-xr-x. 8 flimmer stupid 111 Dec 13 18:32 /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><strong><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">-R</span></strong><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">,–recursive:</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">递归修改,连带修改目录里所有文件</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# ll -d /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">drwxr-xr-x. 8 flimmer hadoop 111 Dec 13 18:32 /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# ll /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 27 Dec 13 18:31 gentoo</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">-rw-r–r–. 1 breeze breeze 0 Dec 13 18:15 txt</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# chown -R gentoo:apache /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# ll -d /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">drwxr-xr-x. 8 gentoo apache 111 Dec 13 18:32 /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# ll -R /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">/tmp:</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">total 0</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">drwxr-xr-x. 2 gentoo apache 27 Dec 13 18:31 gentoo</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">-rw-r–r–. 1 gentoo apache 0 Dec 13 18:15 txt</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">/tmp/gentoo:</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">total 0</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">-rw-r–r–. 1 gentoo apache 0 Dec 13 18:31 text</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">-rw-r–r–. 1 gentoo apache 0 Dec 13 18:31 yum</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p>–reference<span style="font-family: 宋体">:指定与某文件相同的相关属性</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# chown -R –reference=/home/flimmer /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# ll -d /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">drwxr-xr-x. 8 flimmer flimmer 111 Dec 13 18:32 /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# ll /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">total 0</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">drwxr-xr-x. 2 flimmer flimmer 27 Dec 13 18:31 gentoo</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">-rw-r–r–. 1 flimmer flimmer 0 Dec 13 18:15 txt</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><strong><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">chgrp</span></strong><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">: – change group ownership</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">修改组</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# chgrp oracle1 /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# ll -d /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">drwxr-xr-x. 8 flimmer oracle1 111 Dec 13 18:32 /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><strong><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">-R</span></strong><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">;–recursive:</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">递归修改,连带修改里面所有的目录和文件</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">–reference:</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">指定与某文件相同的相关属性</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# chgrp -R –reference=/home/breeze /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# ll -d /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">drwxr-xr-x. 8 flimmer breeze 111 Dec 13 18:32 /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# ll /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">total 0</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">drwxr-xr-x. 2 flimmer breeze 27 Dec 13 18:31 gentoo</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">-rw-r–r–. 1 flimmer breeze 0 Dec 13 18:15 txt</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋体">注意:普通用户仅可修改属主为自己的文件的权限</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[breeze@yph7 ~]$ ll</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">-rw-rw-r–. 1 breeze breeze 0 12</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">月</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> 13 06:18 text</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[breeze@yph7 ~]$ chmod 777 text;ll</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋体">总用量</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> 0</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">-rwxrwxrwx. 1 breeze breeze 0 12</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">月</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> 13 06:18 text</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋体">思考:用户对目录有写权限,但对目录下的文件没有写权限时,能否修改此文件内容?能否删除此文件?</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋体">模拟之;</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# ll -d /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">drwxrwxrwt. 9 root root 4096 Dec 13 06:32 /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# chown root:root /tmp/yum.1</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# ll tmp/yum.1</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 0 Dec 13 03:08 /tmp/yum.1</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋体">切换到</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">breeze</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[breeze@yph7 tmp]$ head -2 /etc/shells | tee /tmp/yum.1</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">tee: /tmp/yum.1: </span><span style="font-family: 宋体">权限不够</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">/bin/sh</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">/bin/bash</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[breeze@yph7 tmp]$ rm -rf /tmp/yum.1</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">rm: </span><span style="font-family: 宋体">无法删除</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">"/tmp/yum.1":</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">不允许的操作</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> 这种情况下正常是可以删除文件但不能修改文件的。但上面演示好像不顺利,原因如下:</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋体">用</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">root</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">设置下权限</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">777</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">就好了后来发现上面的的</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">/tmp</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">权限为</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">t,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">不是</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">x,这是特殊权限,用户只能删除自己的文件,而不能删除其他人的</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# chmod 777 /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[breeze@yph7 tmp]$ ll -d /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">drwxrwxrwx. 9 root root 4096 12</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">月</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> 13 07:00 /tmp</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[breeze@yph7 tmp]$ ll /tmp/yum.2</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">———-. 1 root root 19 12</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">月</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> 13 07:00 /tmp/yum.2</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[breeze@yph7 tmp]$ rm -rf /tmp/yum.2</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[breeze@yph7 tmp]$ ll /tmp/yum.2</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">ls: </span><span style="font-family: 宋体">无法访问</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">/tmp/yum.2:</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">没有那个文件或目录</span></p> <p></p> <p><strong><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">umask</span></strong><span style="font-family: 宋体">:文件权限反向掩码,遮罩码</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋体">文件:</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">666-umask</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋体">目录:</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">777-umask</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋体">注意:之所以文件用</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">666</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">去减,表示文件默认不能拥有执行权限,如果减得的结果中有执行权限,则需要加</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">1</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">umask</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">:</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> 023</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">666-023=644 rw–w–wx</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">777-023=754</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋体">对于文件:</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">666</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">:</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">rw-rw-rw- 023:—-w–wx </span><span style="font-family: 宋体">减后:</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">rw-r–r–:644</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">umask</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">命令:</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">umask</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">:查看当前</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">umask</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">umas kMASK:</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">设置</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">umask</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[flimmer@yph7 ~]$ umask</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">0002</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[flimmer@yph7 ~]$ umask 023;umask</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">0023</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋体">注意:此类设定仅对当前</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">shell</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">有效</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p>练习<span style="font-family: 宋体">:完成以下任务</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">1</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">、新建系统组</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">mariadb,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">新建系统用户</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">mariadb, </span><span style="font-family: 宋体">属于</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">mariadb</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">组,要求其没有家目录,且</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">shell</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">为</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">/sbin/nologin</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">;尝试</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">root</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">切换至用户,查看其命令提示符;</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# groupadd -r mariadb</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# tail -1 /etc/group</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">mariadb:x:991:</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# useradd -r -M -g mariadb -s /sbin/nologinmariadb</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# tail -1 /etc/passwd</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">mariadb:x:994:991::/home/mariadb:/sbin/nologin</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# id mariadb</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">uid=994(mariadb) gid=991(mariadb) groups=991(mariadb)</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# ls /home</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">bree fedora flivfox hadoop mageedu mysql10 mysql3 mysql6 mysqle slackware</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">breeze flimmer gentoo magebird mydql4 mysql2 mysql5 mysql8 oracle1</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# su – mariadb</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">su: warning: cannot change directory to /home/mariadb: No suchfile or directory</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">This account is currently not available.</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋体">如果组事先存在,添加与组同名的用户默认添加不成功的</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋体">删除用户默认删除基本组</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">2</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">、新建</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">GID</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">为</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">5000</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">的组</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">mageedu</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">,新建用户</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">gentoo</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">,要求其家目录为</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">/users/gentoo</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">,密码同用户名;</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# groupadd -g 5000 mageedu</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">groupadd: GID '5000' already exists</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# cat /etc/group</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">…….</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">distro:x:5000:</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">……..</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# groupmod -g 4006 distro –></span><span style="font-family: 宋体">修改组</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">id</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# groupadd -g 5000 mageedu</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# tail -1 /etc/group</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">mageedu:x:5000:</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# mkdir /users</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 users]# useradd -d /users/gentoo gentoo</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 users]# tail -1 /etc/passwd</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">gentoo:x:4006:5003::/users/gentoo:/bin/bash</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 users]# echo "gentoo" | passwd –stdingentoo</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">Changing password for user gentoo.</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">3</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">、新建用户</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">fedora</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">,其家目录为</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">/users/fedora</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">,密码同用户名;</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 users]# useradd -d /users/fedora fedora</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">Creating mailbox file: File exists</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 users]# tail -1 /etc/passwd</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">fedora:x:4007:4007::/users/fedora:/bin/bash</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 users]# echo "fedora" | passwd –stdinfedora</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">Changing password for user fedora.</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">4</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">、新建用户</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">www, </span><span style="font-family: 宋体">其家目录为</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">/users/www</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">;删除</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">www</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">用户,但保留其家目录;</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 users]# useradd -d /users/www www</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 users]# tail -1 /etc/passwd</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">www:x:4008:4008::/users/www:/bin/bash</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 users]# userdel www;cd /users/www;pwd</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">/users/www</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 www]# id www</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">id: www: no such user</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">5</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">、为用户</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">gentoo</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">和</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">fedora</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">新增附加组</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">mageedu;</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 www]# id -nG gentoo;id -nG fedora</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">gentoo</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">fedora</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 www]# usermod -aG mageedu gentoo</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 www]# usermod -aG mageedu fedora</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 www]# id -nG gentoo;id -nG fedora</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">gentoo mageedu</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">fedora mageedu</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">6</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">、复制目录</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">/var/log</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">至</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">/tmp/</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">目录,修改</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">/tmp/log</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">及其内部的所有文件的属组为</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">mageedu</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">,并让属组对目录本身拥有写权限;</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 www]# cp -r /var/log /tmp/</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# chown -R .mageedu /tmp/log</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# chmod g+w /tmp/log</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# ll -d /tmp/log</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">drwxrwxr-x. 14 root mageedu 4096 Dec 13 22:08 /tmp/log</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><strong>install</strong><span style="font-family: 宋体">命令:</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">copyfiles and set attributes</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">复制文件并设置属性(不能复制目录)</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><strong><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">-m</span></strong><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">,–mode=MODE:</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">设定目标文件权限,默认</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">755</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# install -m 632 /tmp/yum.log /tmp/yum </span><span style="font-family: 宋体">;</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">ll</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">-rw–wx-w-. 1 root root 0 12</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">月</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> 12 05:08 yum</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">-rw——-. 1 root root 0 12</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">月</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> 8 19:08 yum.log</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><strong><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">-o</span></strong><span style="font-family: 宋体">,</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">–owner=OWNER:</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">设定目标文件属主</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# install -o flimmer /tmp/yum.log /tmp/yum.1 ;ll</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">-rwxr-xr-x. 1 flimmer root 0 12</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">月</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> 12 05:16 yum.1</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><strong>-g</strong><span style="font-family: 宋体">,</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">–group=GROUP:</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">设定目标文件属组</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# install -g flimmer /tmp/yum.log /tmp/yum.2;ll</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root flimmer 0 12</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">月</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> 12 05:19 yum.2</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><strong>-d</strong><span style="font-family: 宋体">,</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">–directory</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">:创建目录</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# install -d /tmp/config</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p></p> <p style="line-height: 15px"></p> <p><strong><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">mktemp</span></strong><span style="font-family: 宋体">:</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> create atemporary file or directory</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">创建临时文件或目录</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">(</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">一段时间后会自动清除</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">)</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"><br /></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">mktemp [OPTION]… [TEMPLATE]</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 ~]# mktemp /tmp/a.XXXXXXXX</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">/tmp/a.L9fheln9</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><strong><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">-d</span></strong><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">,–dirctory:</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">创建临时目录,也要用</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">x</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# mktemp -d /tmp/XXXXXXXX</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">/tmp/wf0txj7U</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><strong><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">-u</span></strong><span style="font-family: 宋体">,</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">–dry-run</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">:虚拟创建文件,表面创建好了,其实没有。测试服务器是否能正常运行</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# mktemp -u /tmp/config.XXXXXX</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">/tmp/config.DAObQW</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 tmp]# ls </span><span style="font-family: 宋体">结果发现没有这个文件</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋体">通过变量取随机数</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 ~]# myfile=$(basename `mktemp /tmp/XXXXXXXXX )</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">[root@yph7 ~]# echo "$myfile"</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">ja9FD8QSf</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋体">注意:会将创建的临时文件名直接返回,可通过命令引用保存起来</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋体"><br /></span></p> <p></p> 最后修改:2021 年 12 月 10 日 10 : 53 AM © 允许规范转载 赞赏 如果觉得我的文章对你有用,请随意赞赏 赞赏作者 支付宝微信