Loading... <h1 style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size:21px">Linux</span><span style="font-size:21px;font-family: 宋体">基础入门</span></h1> <h1><span style="font-size:21px">1</span><span style="font-size:21px;font-family:宋体">、</span><span style="font-size:21px">Linux</span><span style="font-size:21px;font-family:宋体">发行版及哲学思想</span></h1> <h2 style="text-indent:20px"><span style="font-size:20px;line-height:173%">1.1 Linux</span><span style="font-size:20px;line-height:173%;font-family:宋体">发行版</span></h2> <p> <span style="font-size:16px">Linux</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">发行版(</span><span style="font-size:16px">Linux Distribution</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">,也被叫做</span><span style="font-size:16px">GUN/Linux</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">发行版),为一般用户预先集成好的</span><span style="font-size:16px">Linux</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">操作系统及各种应用软件。</span><span style="font-size:16px">Linux</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family: 宋体">发行版通常包含了包括桌面环境、办公包、媒体播放器、数据库等应用软件。这些操作系统通常由</span><span style="font-size:16px">Linux</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">内核、以及来自</span><span style="font-size:16px">GUN</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family: 宋体">计划的大量的函数库,和基于</span><span style="font-size:16px">X Window</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">的图形界面。有些发行版考虑到容量大小而没有预装</span><span style="font-size:16px">X Window</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">,而使用更加轻量级的软件。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">目前有超过</span><span style="font-size:16px">300</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family: 宋体">个</span><span style="font-size: 16px">Linux</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">发行版,大部分正处于活跃的开发中,不断的改进。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> <img src="//cto.wang/usr/uploads/2016/07/20160703163823-38.jpg" title="1455935830517953.jpg" alt="基于打包方式.jpg" /></span></p> <h2><span style="font-size:20px;line-height:173%"> 1.2 linux</span><span style="font-size:20px;line-height:173%;font-family:宋体">哲学思想</span></h2> <h3> <span style="font-size: 16px">1.2</span><span style="font-size:16px">.1 </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">一切皆文件</span></h3> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">把几乎所有资源,包括硬件设备都组织为文件格式;</span></p> <h3> <span style="font-size:16px">1.2.2 </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">由众多单一目的小程序组成;一个程序只实现一个功能,而且要做好</span></h3> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">组合小程序完成复杂任务;</span></p> <h3> <span style="font-size:16px">1.2.3 </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">尽量避免跟用户交互</span></h3> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">目标:实现脚本编程,以自动完成某些功能;</span></p> <h3> <span style="font-size:16px">1.2.4 </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">使用纯文本文件保存配置信息</span></h3> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">目标:一款使用的文本编辑器即能完成系统配置工作;</span></p> <h1><span style="font-size:21px">2</span><span style="font-size:21px;font-family:宋体">、</span><span style="font-size:21px">Linux</span><span style="font-size:21px;font-family:宋体">获取命令帮助详解</span></h1> <h2 style="text-indent:28px"><span style="font-size:20px;line-height:173%">2.1 Linux</span><span style="font-size:20px;line-height: 173%;font-family:宋体">命令的分类</span><span style="font-size:20px;line-height:173%">(Shell</span><span style="font-size:20px;line-height:173%;font-family:宋体">的内部命令和外部命令</span><span style="font-size:20px;line-height:173%">)</span></h2> <p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:28px;background:white"> Linux命令的执行必须依赖于Shell命令解释器。Shell实际上是在Linux系统中运行的一种特殊程序,它位于操作系统内核与用户之间,负责接受用户输入的命令并进行解释,将需要执行的操作传递给系统内核执行,Shell在用户和内核之间充当了一个“翻译官”的角色。当用户登陆到Linux系统时,会自动加载一个Shell程序,以便给用户提供可以输入命令的操作环境。</p> <p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:28px;background:white">Bash是Linux系统中默认使用的Shell程序,文件位于/bin/bash。根据Linux命令与Shell程序的关系,一般分为以下两种类型:</p> <p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:28px;background:white"><strong><span style="font-family:宋体">内部命令:</span></strong>指的是集成于Shell解释器程序(如Bash)内部的一些特殊指令,也成为内建(Built-IN)指令。内部命令属于Shell的一部分,所以并没有单独对应的系统文件,只要Shell解释器被运行,内部指令也就自动载入内存了,用户可以直接使用。内部命令无需从硬盘中重新读取文件,因此执行效率更高。</p> <p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:28px;background:white"><strong><span style="font-family:宋体">外部命令:</span></strong>指的是Linux系统中能够完成特定功能的脚本文件或二进制程序,每个外部命令对应了系统中的一个文件,是属于Shell解释器程序之外的命令,所以称为外部命令。Linux系统必须知道外部命令对应的文件位置,才能够由Shell加载并执行。</p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">区别<strong><span style="color:red">外部命令</span></strong>和<strong><span style="color:red">内部命令</span></strong>的方法:</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:52px"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">1、</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">使用 type 命令</span> <span style="font-family:宋体">。</span> </p> <p style="margin-left: 56px;line-height: 28px;background: white"><span style="font-family: 宋体">$ type cd</span></p> <p style="margin-left: 56px;line-height: 28px;background: white"><span style="font-family: 宋体">cd is a shell builtin</span></p> <p style="margin-left: 56px;line-height: 28px;background: white"><span style="font-family: 宋体">$ type cat</span></p> <p style="margin-left: 56px;line-height: 28px;background: white"><span style="font-family: 宋体">cat is /bin/cat</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 52px;line-height: 28px;background: white"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">2、</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">使用whereis或者which</span></p> <h2><span style="font-size:20px;line-height:173%"> 2.2 </span><span style="font-size:20px;line-height:173%;font-family:宋体">内部命令获取帮助</span></h2> <p> <span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体"># help COMMAND</span></p> <h2><span style="font-size:20px;line-height:173%"> 2.3 </span><span style="font-size:20px;line-height:173%;font-family:宋体">外部命令获取帮助</span></h2> <h3 style="margin-left: 28px"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">2.3.1 # COMMAND –help</span></h3> <h3 style="margin-left: 28px"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">2.3.2 </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">使用手册(manual)</span></h3> <p> # <span style="font-size: 16px;font-family:宋体">man COMMAND</span></p> <h3 style="margin-left: 28px"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">2.3.3 </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">信息页</span></h3> <p> <span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体"> #info COMMAND</span></p> <h3 style="margin-left: 28px"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">2.3.4 </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">程序自身的帮助文档</span></h3> <p> <span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">程序自身的帮助文档一般位于/usr/share/doc/COMMAND-VERSION</span></p> <h3 style="margin-left: 28px"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">2.3.5 </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">程序官方文档</span></h3> <h3 style="margin-left: 28px"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">2.3.6 </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">发行版的官方文档</span></h3> <p> <span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">以redhat为例,其发行版的官方文档:http://www.redhat.com/docs</span></p> <h3 style="margin-left: 28px"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">2.3.7 Google</span></h3> <h1><span style="font-size:21px">3</span><span style="font-size:21px;font-family:宋体">、</span><span style="font-size:21px">Linux</span><span style="font-size:21px;font-family:宋体">常用的系统基础命令</span></h1> <h2 style="text-indent: 37px"><span style="font-size:19px">3.1</span><span style="font-size:19px;font-family:宋体">目录相关的命令</span></h2> <h3> <span style="font-size:19px"> cd: </span><span style="font-size:19px;font-family:宋体">切换目录</span></h3> <p style="margin-left:56px;text-indent:28px"><span style="font-size:16px">~</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">:用户的主目录</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> cd </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">或</span><span style="font-size:16px"> cd ~: </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">回当前用户的主目录</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> cd ~USERNAME: </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">切换至指定用户的主目录</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> cd -: </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">在上一个目录和当前目录之间来回切换</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> .</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> ..</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">相关的环境变量:</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> PWD</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">:保存了当前目录路径;</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> OLDPWD</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">:上一次所在目录路径;</span></p> <h3> <span style="font-size:19px"> pwd: </span><span style="font-size:19px;font-family:宋体">显示当前目录</span></h3> <h3> <span style="font-size:19px"> ls: list</span><span style="font-size:19px;font-family:宋体">显示指定路径下的文件列表;</span></h3> <p> <span style="font-size:16px">ls [OPTION]… [DIR]…</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> -a, –all: </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">显示所有文件,包括隐藏文件;</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> -l: </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">长格式</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> -rw-r–r– 1 root root 44800 Aug 14 14:32 install.log</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> -rw-r–r–:</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">最左侧的第一位:文件类型</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> -, d, l, b, c, p, s</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">后面的</span><span style="font-size:16px">9</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">位:访问权限,</span><span style="font-size:16px">perm</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">数</span> <span style="font-size:16px;font-family: 宋体">字</span><span style="font-size: 16px">1</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">:文件被硬链接的次数;</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">左</span><span style="font-size:16px">root: </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">文件的</span><span style="font-size:16px">owner</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">右</span><span style="font-size:16px">root: </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">文件的</span><span style="font-size:16px">group</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> 44800</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">:文件的</span><span style="font-size:16px">size</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> Aug 14 14:32 : </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">文件的最近一次被修改的时间</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> install.log</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">:</span> <span style="font-size:16px;font-family: 宋体">文件名</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> -h, –human-readable</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">:单位换算</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> -d: </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">显示目录自身的相关属性;通常要与</span><span style="font-size:16px">-l</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">一起使用;</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> -r, –reverse: </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">逆序显示</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> -R, –recursive: </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">递归</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> stat /PATH/TO/SOMEFILE</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">:获取指定文件的元数据</span></p> <h2 style="text-indent: 28px"><span style="font-size:19px">3.2</span><span style="font-size:19px;font-family: 宋体">文件查看命令:</span><span style="font-size:19px">cat, tac</span></h2> <p> <span style="font-size:16px">cat [OPTION]… [FILE]…</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> -E: </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">显示行结束符</span><span style="font-size:16px">$</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> -n: </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">对显示出的每一行进行编号</span></p> <h2 style="text-indent: 28px"><span style="font-size:19px">3.3</span><span style="font-size:19px;font-family: 宋体">文件内容类型查看命令:</span><span style="font-size:19px">file</span></h2> <p> <span style="font-size:16px">file /PATH/TO/SOMEWHERE</span></p> <h2 style="text-indent:28px"><span style="font-size:19px;line-height:173%">3.4</span><span style="font-size:19px;line-height:173%;font-family:宋体">系统管理类命令:</span></h2> <p> <span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">关机:</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> halt, poweroff, shutdown, init 0</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> </span><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family:宋体">重启:</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> reboot, shutdown, init 6</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> </span><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family:宋体">跟用户登录相关:</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> who, whoami, w</span></p> <h2 style="text-indent: 28px"><span style="font-size:19px">3.5</span><span style="font-size:19px;font-family: 宋体">回显命令:</span><span style="font-size:19px">echo</span></h2> <p> <span style="font-size:16px">-n: </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">禁止自动添加换行符号;</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> -e: </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">允许使用转义符;</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> \n: </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">换行</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> \t: </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">制表符</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> echo "$VAR_NAME": </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">变量会替换,双引号表弱引用</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> echo '$VAR_NAME': </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">变量不会替换,强引用</span></p> <h2 style="text-indent: 28px">3.6 <span style="font-size:19px">which</span><span style="font-size:19px;font-family:宋体">:显示命令对应的程序文件路径</span></h2> <p> <span style="font-size:16px">which [OPTION] COMMAND</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> –skip-alias</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">:禁止显示别名</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> whatis: </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">在</span><span style="font-size:16px">whatis</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">数据库中搜索单词</span></p> <h1><span style="font-size: 24px"><span style="line-height: 240%">4</span><span style="line-height: 240%;font-family: 宋体">、</span><span style="line-height: 240%">Linux </span><span style="line-height: 240%;font-family: 宋体">文件系统基础</span></span></h1> <h2><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;font-size: 18px"></span></h2> <h2 style="text-indent: 28px"><span style="font-size: 19px;font-family: 宋体">4.1 首相来了解下什么是文件系统</span></h2> <p> <span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">计算机的文件系统是一种存储和组织计算机数据的方法。从系统角度来啦吗,文件系统对文件存储设备的空间进行组织和分配,负责文件存储并对存入的文件进行保护和检索的系统。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">文件系统不仅包含着文件中的数据而且还有文件系统的结构,所有</span><span style="font-size:16px">Linux</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">用户和程序看到的文件、目录、软连接及文件保护信息等都存储在其中。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">不同</span><span style="font-size:16px">Linux</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">发行版之间的文件系统差别很少,主要表现在系统管理的特色工具以及软件包管理方式的不同,文件目录的基本结构都是一样的。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">文件系统有多种类型:</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:28px"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Wingdings"> </span><span style="font-size:16px">ext2 : </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">早期</span><span style="font-size:16px">Linux</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family: 宋体">中常用的文件系统。</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:28px"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Wingdings"> </span><span style="font-size:16px">ext3 : ext2</span><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family:宋体">的升级版,带日志功能。</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:28px"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Wingdings"> </span><span style="font-size:16px">RAMFS : </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">内存文件系统,速度很快。</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:28px"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Wingdings"> </span><span style="font-size:16px">Iso9660 : </span><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family:宋体">光盘或光盘镜像。</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:28px"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Wingdings"> </span><span style="font-size:16px">NFS : </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">网络文件系统,由</span><span style="font-size:16px">SUN</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family: 宋体">发明,主要用于远程文件共享。</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:28px"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Wingdings"> </span><span style="font-size:16px">MS-DOS : MS-DOS</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">文件系统。</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:28px"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Wingdings"> </span><span style="font-size:16px">FAT : Windows XP</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">操作系统采用的文件系统。</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:28px"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Wingdings"> </span><span style="font-size:16px">NTFS : Windows NT/XP</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:宋体">操作系统采用的文件系统。</span></p> <h2 style="text-indent: 28px"><span style="font-size: 19px;font-family: 宋体">4.2 Linux发行版的常见目录</span></h2> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="633"> <tbody> <tr class="firstRow"> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-color: windowtext;border-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p><span style="font-family:宋体">目录</span></p> </td> <td width="518" colspan="2" valign="top" style="border-top-color: windowtext;border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-top-width: 1px;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"> <p><span style="font-family:宋体">功能</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/</p> </td> <td width="518" colspan="2" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p><span style="font-family:宋体">根目录,只能包含目录,不能包含具体文件。</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/bin</p> </td> <td width="518" colspan="2" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p><span style="font-family:宋体">供所有用户使用的基本命令;不能关联至独立分区,</span>OS<span style="font-family:宋体">启动即会用到的程序</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/sbin</p> </td> <td width="518" colspan="2" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p><span style="font-family:宋体">管理类的基本命令,不能关联之独立分区,</span>OS<span style="font-family:宋体">启动即会用到的程序</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/lib</p> </td> <td width="518" colspan="2" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p><span style="font-family:宋体">基本共享库文件,以及内核模块文件</span>(/lib/modules)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/lib64</p> </td> <td width="518" colspan="2" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p><span style="font-family:宋体">专用于</span>x86_64<span style="font-family:宋体">系统上的辅助共享文件存放位置</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/etc</p> </td> <td width="518" colspan="2" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p><span style="font-family:宋体">配置文件目录</span>(<span style="font-family:宋体">纯文本文件</span>)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/home/username</p> </td> <td width="518" colspan="2" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p><span style="font-family:宋体">普通用户家目录</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/root</p> </td> <td width="518" colspan="2" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p><span style="font-family:宋体">管理员的家目录</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/media</p> </td> <td width="518" colspan="2" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p><span style="font-family:宋体">便携式移动设备挂载点</span>(cdrom|usb)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/mnt</p> </td> <td width="518" colspan="2" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p><span style="font-family:宋体">临时文件系统挂载点</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/dev</p> </td> <td width="518" colspan="2" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p><span style="font-family:宋体">设备文件及特殊文件存储位置</span>(b: block device<span style="font-family:宋体">随机访问</span>)(c:character device<span style="font-family:宋体">线性访问</span>)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/opt</p> </td> <td width="518" colspan="2" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p><span style="font-family:宋体">第三方应用程序的安装位置</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/srv</p> </td> <td width="518" colspan="2" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p><span style="font-family:宋体">系统上运行的服务用到的数据</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/tmp</p> </td> <td width="518" colspan="2" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p><span style="font-family:宋体">临时文件存储位置</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/usr</p> </td> <td width="518" colspan="2" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>Universal shared, read-only data</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"></td> <td width="84" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/usr/bin</p> </td> <td width="434" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p><span style="font-family:宋体">保证系统拥有完整功能而提供的应用程序</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"></td> <td width="84" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/usr/sbin</p> </td> <td width="434" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p><span style="font-family:宋体">非必要的二进制标准系统文件</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"></td> <td width="84" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/usr/lib</p> </td> <td width="434" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p><span style="font-family:宋体">用于编程和包的库</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"></td> <td width="84" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/usr/lib64</p> </td> <td width="434" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"></td> <td width="84" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/usr/include</p> </td> <td width="434" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>C<span style="font-family:宋体">程序的头文件</span>(header files)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"></td> <td width="84" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/usr/share</p> </td> <td width="434" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p><span style="font-family:宋体">结构化独立的数据,例如</span>doc<span style="font-family:宋体">,</span>man<span style="font-family:宋体">等</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"></td> <td width="84" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/user/local</p> </td> <td width="434" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p><span style="font-family:宋体">第三方应用程序的安装位置</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/var</p> </td> <td width="518" colspan="2" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>Variable data files</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"></td> <td width="84" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/var/cache</p> </td> <td width="434" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p><span style="font-family:宋体">应用程序缓存数据目录</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"></td> <td width="84" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/var/lib</p> </td> <td width="434" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p><span style="font-family:宋体">应用程序状态信息数据</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"></td> <td width="84" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/var/local</p> </td> <td width="434" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p><span style="font-family:宋体">专用于为</span>/usr/local<span style="font-family:宋体">下的应用程序存储可变数据</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"></td> <td width="84" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/var/lock</p> </td> <td width="434" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p><span style="font-family:宋体">锁文件</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"></td> <td width="84" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/var/log</p> </td> <td width="434" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p><span style="font-family:宋体">日志目录及文件</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"></td> <td width="84" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/var/opt</p> </td> <td width="434" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p><span style="font-family:宋体">专用于为</span>/opt<span style="font-family:宋体">下的应用程序存储可变数据</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"></td> <td width="84" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/var/run</p> </td> <td width="434" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p><span style="font-family:宋体">运行中的进程相关的数据;通常用于存储进程的</span>pid<span style="font-family:宋体">文件</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"></td> <td width="84" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/var/tmp</p> </td> <td width="434" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p><span style="font-family:宋体">保存系统两次重启之间产生的临时数据</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/proc</p> </td> <td width="518" colspan="2" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p><span style="font-family:宋体">用于输出内核与进程信息相关的虚拟文件系统</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/sys</p> </td> <td width="518" colspan="2" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p><span style="font-family:宋体">用于输出当前系统上硬件设备相关信息的虚拟文件系统</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="115" valign="top" style="border-right-color: windowtext;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-left-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-top-style: none;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>/selinux</p> </td> <td width="518" colspan="2" valign="top" style="border-top-style: none;border-left-style: none;border-bottom-color: windowtext;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-right-color: windowtext;border-right-width: 1px;padding: 0px 7px"> <p>Security enhanced linux<span style="font-family:宋体">,</span>selinux<span style="font-family:宋体">相关的安全策列等信息存储位置</span>0</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <h2 style="text-indent: 28px"><span style="font-size: 19px;font-family: 宋体">4.3 Linux应用程序的常见组成部分</span></h2> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:56px"><span style="font-family:Wingdings"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体">二进制程序:</span>/bin, /sbin, /usr/bin, /usr/sbin, /usr/local/bin, /usr/local/sbin</p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:56px"><span style="font-family:Wingdings"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体">库文件:</span>/lib, /lib64, /usr/lib, /usr/lib64, /usr/local/lib, /usr/local/lib64</p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:56px"><span style="font-family:Wingdings"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体">配置文件:</span>/etc, /etc/DIRECTORY, /usr/local/etc</p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:56px"><span style="font-family:Wingdings"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体">帮助文件:</span>/usr/share/man, /usr/share/doc, /usr/local/share/man, /usr/local/share/doc</p> <h2 style="text-indent: 28px"><span style="font-size: 19px;font-family: 宋体">4.4 Linux下的文件类型</span></h2> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:56px"><span style="font-family:Wingdings"> </span>– (f)<span style="font-family:宋体">:普通文件;</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:56px"><span style="font-family:Wingdings"> </span>d: <span style="font-family:宋体">目录文件;</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:56px"><span style="font-family:Wingdings"> </span>b: <span style="font-family:宋体">块设备;</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:56px"><span style="font-family:Wingdings"> </span>c: <span style="font-family:宋体">字符设备;</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:56px"><span style="font-family:Wingdings"> </span>l: <span style="font-family:宋体">符号链接文件;</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:56px"><span style="font-family:Wingdings"> </span>p: <span style="font-family:宋体">管道文件;</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:56px"><span style="font-family:Wingdings"> </span>s: <span style="font-family:宋体">套接字文件;</span>socket;</p> <p></p> 最后修改:2021 年 12 月 10 日 10 : 53 AM © 允许规范转载 赞赏 如果觉得我的文章对你有用,请随意赞赏 赞赏作者 支付宝微信